Neurodiversity is the idea that everyone’s brain works differently—there’s no single ‘normal’ way to think or learn. The term was introduced in the 1990s by sociologist Judy Singer, who wanted to recognise neurological differences as natural variations rather than medical disorders.
Neurodivergence, on the other hand, is a broad term that includes conditions like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Some people prefer the term ‘neurodivergent’ over medical labels because it focuses on differences rather than deficits. However, both perspectives—the medical model and the neurodiversity approach—are important in understanding and supporting neurodivergent individuals.
There are two main ways to look at neurodivergence: Neurodiversity Approach and Medical Model.
The neurodiversity approach promotes acceptance and inclusion by:
In contrast, the medical model views conditions as medical or developmental disorders, focuses on challenges and symptoms, uses clinical diagnoses like ASD and ADHD, aims to treat symptoms with therapy or medication, and provides medical interventions for those who qualify.
Both approaches have value. While some people benefit from therapy and medication, others prefer support systems that help them thrive in their own way, and some people benefit from a combination of the two.
ADHD and autism are two of the most well-known neurodivergent conditions, but they are distinct in how they affect people.
People with ADHD (Attention-Deficit & Hyperactivity) tend to have difficulty focusing, with impulsivity, hyperactivity, and have trouble organising tasks.
The common traits for people with Autism Spectrum (ASD) are challenges with social interactions, repetitive behaviours, sensory sensitivities, and preference for routines.
Some individuals may have traits of both ADHD and autism, making it even more important to take a holistic, personalised approach to support.
There’s growing recognition that neurodivergence exists on a spectrum—some people have mild traits that don’t interfere with how they get on in day-to-day life, while others have significant challenges that require additional support. Key takeaways include:
Neurodiversity is helping shift the conversation from ‘disorder’ to ‘difference.’ Whether you prefer a clinical diagnosis or the broader neurodivergent label, what matters most is creating an environment where everyone can succeed. If you want to learn more, check out The Neurodiversity Approach by Dwyer (2022), an excellent resource on this topic.